[54], Because we cannot observe space beyond the edge of the observable universe, it is unknown whether the size of the universe in its totality is finite or infinite. Buy Holding Up The Universe HERE *Support readers! Tegmark calculated that our nearest so-called doppelgänger, is 1010115 metres away from us (a double exponential function larger than a googolplex). Objects in space did not physically move; instead the metric that defines space itself changed. Mjolnir (literally, "grinder" as in "grindstone", cf. [172] One solution to these paradoxes is the Charlier Universe, in which the matter is arranged hierarchically (systems of orbiting bodies that are themselves orbiting in a larger system, ad infinitum) in a fractal way such that the universe has a negligibly small overall density; such a cosmological model had also been proposed earlier in 1761 by Johann Heinrich Lambert. After about 377,000 years, the universe had cooled enough that electrons and nuclei could form the first stable atoms. [119] Two main classes of leptons exist: charged leptons (also known as the electron-like leptons), and neutral leptons (better known as neutrinos). Dark matter is a hypothetical kind of matter that is invisible to the entire electromagnetic spectrum, but which accounts for most of the matter in the universe. Tiny variations in temperature and density detectable in the CMB were the early "seeds" from which all subsequent structure formation took place. This metric has only two undetermined parameters. Section: Expansion of the Universe", "Galaxy Collisions Give Birth to Quasars", "A 'Cosmic Jerk' That Reversed the Universe", WMAP Mission: Results – Age of the Universe, "Dodecahedral space topology as an explanation for weak wide-angle temperature correlations in the cosmic microwave background", "What is the Ultimate Fate of the Universe? [112] The Standard Model predicted the existence of the recently discovered Higgs boson, a particle that is a manifestation of a field within the universe that can endow particles with mass. Holding Up the Universe written by Jennifer Niven. If k=1, the curvature is positive and the universe has a finite volume. Holding Up the Universe is a beautiful reminder of the power of understanding.” —Jay Asher, #1 New York Times bestselling author of Thirteen Reasons Why “Gorgeously written and oh-so-deeply felt, Holding Up the Universe contains one of my favorite characters of all time! Holding Up the Universe isn't about a fat girl and a face-blind boy brought together by circumstance. The photon epoch started after most leptons and anti-leptons were annihilated at the end of the lepton epoch, about 10 seconds after the Big Bang. [11] Production on the film began in October 2018[12] and it was released on 28 February 2020. By analogy, an infinite plane has zero curvature but infinite area, whereas an infinite cylinder is finite in one direction and a torus is finite in both. Although Heraclitus argued for eternal change, his contemporary Parmenides made the radical suggestion that all change is an illusion, that the true underlying reality is eternally unchanging and of a single nature. [102] On a mass–energy equivalence basis, the density of dark energy (~ 7 × 10−30 g/cm3) is much less than the density of ordinary matter or dark matter within galaxies. The Milky Way is in the Local Group of galaxies, which in turn is in the Laniakea Supercluster. [152], The notion of temporal finitism was inspired by the doctrine of creation shared by the three Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. [115][116] Because of its success in explaining a wide variety of experimental results, the Standard Model is sometimes regarded as a "theory of almost everything". That maybe it will clear up and go away on its own. The index k is defined so that it can take only one of three values: 0, corresponding to flat Euclidean geometry; 1, corresponding to a space of positive curvature; or −1, corresponding to a space of positive or negative curvature. The ΛCDM model is the most widely accepted model of our universe. Neutrinos stream throughout the universe but rarely interact with normal matter. Anaximenes proposed the primordial material to be air on account of its perceived attractive and repulsive qualities that cause the arche to condense or dissociate into different forms. ->>>Download: Holding Up the Universe PDF ->>>Read Online: Holding Up the Universe PDF Holding Up the Universe Review This Holding Up the Universe book is not really ordinary book, you have it then the world is in your hands. The two make an unlikely pair. English 6 … Like all elementary particles, photons are currently best explained by quantum mechanics and exhibit wave–particle duality, exhibiting properties of waves and of particles. The narrative follows two teenagers, Violet and Finch who are struggling with mental health issues. A few minutes later, in a process known as Big Bang nucleosynthesis, nuclei formed from the primordial protons and neutrons. Mjolnir is enchanted so it can only be wielded by those who are deemed "worthy". Q & A with Jennifer Niven; OTHER BOOKS. Initially, the temperature was high enough to allow the formation of hadron/anti-hadron pairs, which kept matter and antimatter in thermal equilibrium. As well as writing novels, Niven has also worked as a screenwriter, journalist and an associate producer at ABC Television. ¨ The Indian philosopher Kanada, founder of the Vaisheshika school, developed a notion of atomism and proposed that light and heat were varieties of the same substance. [13], She released another bestselling young adult novel in 2016 called Holding Up the Universe,[14] and her third young adult novel, Breathless, was released in September, 2020. Carpio; Dana Fuchs According to the general theory of relativity, far regions of space may never interact with ours even in the lifetime of the universe due to the finite speed of light and the ongoing expansion of space. More By and About This Author. Starting out as a cadet in the Horde, Catra was soon promoted to the rank of Force Captain and eventually served as Hordak's second in command. In 1998, the deceleration parameter was measured by two different groups to be negative, approximately -0.55, which technically implies that the second derivative of the cosmic scale factor It is the basis of current cosmological models of the universe. ARTICLES. [128] The value of R as a function of time t depends upon k and the cosmological constant Λ. [139][142] An easily visualized metaphor of this concept is a group of separate soap bubbles, in which observers living on one soap bubble cannot interact with those on other soap bubbles, even in principle. However, Candace becomes tempted to stay when she becomes respected by its people. As noted by Copernicus himself, the notion that the Earth rotates is very old, dating at least to Philolaus (c. 450 BC), Heraclides Ponticus (c. 350 BC) and Ecphantus the Pythagorean. Soon after the Big Bang, primordial protons and neutrons formed from the quark–gluon plasma of the early universe as it cooled below two trillion degrees. Giant clouds of hydrogen and helium were gradually drawn to the places where dark matter was most dense, forming the first galaxies, stars, and everything else seen today. This diagram shows Earth's location in the universe on increasingly larger scales. Holding Up the Universe Quotes Showing 1-30 of 164. The World Turtle in Hindu mythology is known as Akupāra (Sanskrit: अकूपार), or sometimes Chukwa.An example of a reference to the World Turtle in Hindu literature is found in Jñānarāja (the author of Siddhāntasundara, writing c. 1500): "A vulture, whichever has only little strength, rests in the sky holding a snake in its beak for a prahara [three hours]. About 25% of the protons and all the neutrons in the universe, by mass, were converted to helium, with small amounts of deuterium (a form of hydrogen) and traces of lithium. [67][68] The spacetime of the universe is usually interpreted from a Euclidean perspective, with space as consisting of three dimensions, and time as consisting of one dimension, the "fourth dimension". Ordinary matter, attracted to these by gravity, formed large gas clouds and eventually, stars and galaxies, where the dark matter was most dense, and voids where it was least dense. The photons released ("decoupled") when these atoms formed can still be seen today; they form the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The Big Bang model accounts for observations such as the correlation of distance and redshift of galaxies, the ratio of the number of hydrogen to helium atoms, and the microwave radiation background. Preview — Holding Up the Universe by Jennifer Niven. The universe (Latin: universus) is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy.The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological description of the development of the universe. Catra is one of the main characters in "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power". In particular, the curvature of spacetime is directly related to the energy and momentum of whatever matter and radiation are present. [48] The distance the light from the edge of the observable universe has travelled is very close to the age of the universe times the speed of light, 13.8 billion light-years (4.2×10^9 pc), but this does not represent the distance at any given time because the edge of the observable universe and the Earth have since moved further apart. Max Tegmark developed a four-part classification scheme for the different types of multiverses that scientists have suggested in response to various Physics problems. Holding Up the Universe by Jennifer Nieven, 2016, Penguin Books edition, Libby Strout is America's fattest teen and Jack Masselin has prosopagnosia (face blindness). However, the Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems show that a singularity should exist for very general conditions. After nucleosynthesis ended, the universe entered a period known as the photon epoch. Jennifer Niven. She is the deuteragonist and a former antagonist. [8] It won a 2015 Goodreads choice award for Best Young Adult Fiction[9] and was longlisted for the 2015 Guardian Children's Fiction Prize. During this period, the universe was still far too hot for matter to form neutral atoms, so it contained a hot, dense, foggy plasma of negatively charged electrons, neutral neutrinos and positive nuclei. The size of the universe is somewhat difficult to define. 10 Story added by jacki24x7 on March 30, 2020. Sean Carroll, Ph.D., Caltech, 2007, The Teaching Company, Solutions of the Einstein field equations, Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica § Beginnings of the Scientific Revolution, stories describing the origin of the world and universe, Timeline of the formation of the universe, "Universe 101: What is the Universe Made Of? After around 100 - 300 million years,[citation needed] the first stars formed, known as Population III stars. [168] This instability was clarified in 1902 by the Jeans instability criterion. The multiverses of this level are composed by distant spacetime events "in our own universe". [109] For example, the proton is formed of two up quarks and one down quark; the neutron is formed of two down quarks and one up quark; and the electron is a kind of lepton. Everyone thinks they know Libby Strout, the girl once dubbed “America’s Fattest Teen.” But no one’s taken the time to look past her weight to get to know who she really is. Conversely, if the universe were insufficiently dense, k would equal 0 or −1 and the universe would expand forever, cooling off and eventually reaching the Big Freeze and the heat death of the universe. If the universe were sufficiently dense, k would equal +1, meaning that its average curvature throughout is positive and the universe will eventually recollapse in a Big Crunch,[133] possibly starting a new universe in a Big Bounce. In this interpretation, parallel worlds are generated in a manner similar to quantum superposition and decoherence, with all states of the wave functions being realized in separate worlds. Knopf, $17.99 (400p) ISBN 978-0-385-75592-4. [6] The nature of both dark energy and dark matter is unknown. Big Bang nucleosynthesis shut down after about 20 minutes due to the rapid drop in temperature and density of the expanding universe. You don't get to do that and come back.” ― Jennifer Niven, Holding Up the Universe. [35] Synonyms are also found in Latin authors (totum, mundus, natura)[36] and survive in modern languages, e.g., the German words Das All, Weltall, and Natur for universe. [2], Over time, the universe and its contents have evolved; for example, the relative population of quasars and galaxies has changed[60] and space itself has expanded. Holding Up the Universe is a beautiful reminder of the power of understanding.” —Jay Asher, #1 New York Times bestselling author of Thirteen Reasons Why “Gorgeously written and oh-so-deeply felt, Holding Up the Universe contains one of my favorite characters of all time! Jennifer Niven’s 2016 book, Holding up the Universe, is a young adult novel that explores the love story between two teenagers living in Amos, Indiana. [70][71] The existence, properties, and significance of a cosmological horizon depend on the particular cosmological model. The earliest cosmological models of the universe were developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers and were geocentric, placing Earth at the center. Any other element was only formed in very tiny quantities. ― Jennifer Niven, Holding Up the Universe. [171] Newton believed that an infinite space uniformly filled with matter would cause infinite forces and instabilities causing the matter to be crushed inwards under its own gravity. It won an Emmy Award and the Colin Higgins Award for Screenwriting. After about 9.8 billion years, the universe had expanded sufficiently so that the density of matter was less than the density of dark energy, marking the beginning of the present dark-energy-dominated era. The spatial region that we can affect and be affected by is the observable universe. This is because the light from distant parts of the Universe takes a very long time to reach us. Anaxagoras proposed the principle of Nous (Mind), while Heraclitus proposed fire (and spoke of logos). Later Greek philosophers, observing the motions of the heavenly bodies, were concerned with developing models of the universe-based more profoundly on empirical evidence. This accounts for the observation that galaxies appear to be flying apart; the space between them is stretching. It is often attributed to "dark energy", an unknown form of energy that is hypothesized to permeate space. [95] This supercluster spans over 500 million light-years, while the Local Group spans over 10 million light-years. It started roughly 1 second after the Big Bang, after the majority of hadrons and anti-hadrons annihilated each other at the end of the hadron epoch. There are however many differing beliefs in how these stories apply amongst those believing in a supernatural origin, ranging from a god directly creating the universe as it is now to a god just setting the "wheels in motion" (for example via mechanisms such as the big bang and evolution).[146]. [11][12] Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led Nicolaus Copernicus to develop the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System. [174], The modern era of physical cosmology began in 1917, when Albert Einstein first applied his general theory of relativity to model the structure and dynamics of the universe. [165] Al-Sijzi[166] also proposed that the Earth rotates on its axis. When the two get tangled up in a cruel high school game—which lands them in group counseling and community service—Libby and Jack are both pissed, and then surprised. Other Greek scientists, such as the Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus, postulated (according to Stobaeus account) that at the center of the universe was a "central fire" around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and planets revolved in uniform circular motion.[155]. Holding Up the Universe is a beautiful reminder of the power of understanding.” —Jay Asher, #1 New York Times bestselling author of Thirteen Reasons Why “Gorgeously written and oh-so-deeply felt, Holding Up the Universe contains one of my favorite characters of all time! Modern responses typically appeal to metaphor, alternative meanings, or … [97], The observable universe is isotropic on scales significantly larger than superclusters, meaning that the statistical properties of the universe are the same in all directions as observed from Earth. Stell dir vor, dass ich dich liebe, Frankfurt am Main 2018) 978-3737355100; Sachbücher. [citation needed] Assuming that the Lambda-CDM model is correct, the measurements of the parameters using a variety of techniques by numerous experiments yield a best value of the age of the universe as of 2015 of 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years. Gravity's effects are cumulative; by contrast, the effects of positive and negative charges tend to cancel one another, making electromagnetism relatively insignificant on astronomical length scales. The same applies to early Buddhism where all qualities are substantive... or, more precisely, dynamic entities, although they are also called dharmas ('qualities'). The Aristotelian model was accepted in the Western world for roughly two millennia, until Copernicus revived Aristarchus's perspective that the astronomical data could be explained more plausibly if the Earth rotated on its axis and if the Sun were placed at the center of the universe. {\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{122}}}} [159] According to Strabo (1.1.9), Seleucus was the first to state that the tides are due to the attraction of the Moon, and that the height of the tides depends on the Moon's position relative to the Sun. Understanding the singularity of the Big Bang likely requires a quantum theory of gravity, which has not yet been formulated.[131]. [101], An explanation for why the expansion of the universe is accelerating remains elusive. [59][b], Astronomers calculate the age of the universe by assuming that the Lambda-CDM model accurately describes the evolution of the Universe from a very uniform, hot, dense primordial state to its present state and measuring the cosmological parameters which constitute the model. In other stories, the universe emanates from fundamental principles, such as Brahman and Prakrti, the creation myth of the Serers,[149] or the yin and yang of the Tao. [Jennifer Niven] -- No one takes the time to look past Libby Strout's weight to get to know who she really is. 10 [139][140] However, the arguments used are of speculative nature. Some speculative theories have proposed that our universe is but one of a set of disconnected universes, collectively denoted as the multiverse, challenging or enhancing more limited definitions of the universe. Unlike the eternal and unchanging cycles of time, he believed that the world is bounded by the celestial spheres and that cumulative stellar magnitude is only finitely multiplicative. Holding Up the Universe is a beautiful reminder of the power of understanding.” —Jay Asher, #1 New York Times bestselling author of Thirteen Reasons Why “Gorgeously written and oh-so-deeply felt, Holding Up the Universe contains one of my favorite characters of all time! From the author of the New York Times bestseller All the Bright Places comes a heart-wrenching story about what it means to see someone - and love someone - for who they truly are. Scalar fields having only a slight amount of spatial inhomogeneity would be difficult to distinguish from a cosmological constant. Seleucus' arguments for a heliocentric cosmology were probably related to the phenomenon of tides. The modern era of cosmology began with Albert Einstein's 1915 general theory of relativity, which made it possible to quantitatively predict the origin, evolution, and conclusion of the universe as a whole. It taps into the universal need to be understood. [160] Alternatively, he may have proved heliocentricity by determining the constants of a geometric model for it, and by developing methods to compute planetary positions using this model, like what Nicolaus Copernicus later did in the 16th century. This initial period of inflation is believed to explain why space appears to be very flat, and much larger than light could travel since the start of the universe. ", "To see the Universe in a Grain of Taranaki Sand", Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, "Unveiling the Secret of a Virgo Dwarf Galaxy", "Hubble's Largest Galaxy Portrait Offers a New High-Definition View", "Earth's new address: 'Solar System, Milky Way, Laniakea, "Astronomers discover largest known structure in the universe is ... a big hole", "Content of the Universe – WMAP 9yr Pie Chart", "Planck captures portrait of the young universe, revealing earliest light", "Three generations of quarks and leptons", "Experiment confirms famous physics model", "Thermal history of the universe and early growth of density fluctuations", "Eternally existing self-reproducing chaotic inflationary Universe", "Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics", "Weird! On one hand, you have Jack Masselin and on the other hand you have Libby Strout. The highly redshifted photons from this period form the cosmic microwave background. Parmenides denoted this reality as τὸ ἐν (The One). by Jennifer Niven My rating: 2 stars “Libby is the girl whose name everybody knows. Aristotle responded to these paradoxes by developing the notion of a potential countable infinity, as well as the infinitely divisible continuum. Astronomical models of the universe were proposed soon after astronomy began with the Babylonian astronomers, who viewed the universe as a flat disk floating in the ocean, and this forms the premise for early Greek maps like those of Anaximander and Hecataeus of Miletus. The images, labeled along their left edge, increase in size from left to right, then from top to bottom. The other 75% of the protons remained unaffected, as hydrogen nuclei. They denied the existence of substantial matter and proposed that movement consisted of momentary flashes of a stream of energy. ", "How Many Stars Are There In The Universe? Effectively, in the many-worlds interpretation the multiverse evolves as a universal wavefunction. [82] The total amount of electromagnetic radiation generated within the universe has decreased by 1/2 in the past 2 billion years. An overall dimensionless length scale factor R describes the size scale of the universe as a function of time; an increase in R is the expansion of the universe. Peter Jason Quill is a Celestial-Human hybrid who was abducted from Earth in 1988 by the Yondu Ravager Clan, and afterwards began building a reputation as the notorious intergalactic outlaw Star-Lord. Combined with measurements of the amount, type, and distribution of matter in the universe, the equations of general relativity describe the evolution of the universe over time.[126]. A toroidal universe could behave like a normal universe with periodic boundary conditions. Other hadrons are unstable under ordinary conditions and are thus insignificant constituents of the modern universe. 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